PCD PHARMA FRANCHISE BUSINESS OF ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

TYPES OF ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

Anthelmintic Drugs

Anthelmintics are a type of medicine that kills helminths. Helminths are worm-like parasites such as flukes, roundworms, and tapeworms.

It is important that anthelmintics are selectively toxic to the parasite and not the host. Some work by inhibiting metabolic processes that are vital to the parasite but absent or not vital in the host. Other anthelmintics are poorly absorbed through the gut, which means the parasite is exposed to much higher concentrations of the anthelmintic than the host. Starvation or paralysis or the parasite result, followed by subsequent expulsion or digestion.

Anthelmintic Drugs:

Albendazole
Albenza
Biltricide
Diethylcarbamazine
Emverm
Hetrazan
Ivermectin
Mebendazole
Praziquantel
Pyrantel pamoate
Stromectol
Vermox

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Protozoal Drugs

Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used for cure of protozoan infection. Antiprotozoals are used to treat protozoal infections, which include amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis. At present, many of the treatments for these infections are limited by their toxicity.

Anti-Prtozoal Drugs:

Mefloquine
Chloroquine
Proguanil with atovaquone
Doxycycline
Metronidazole and Tinidazole
Nifuratel

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Antiretriviral Drugs

Antiretroviral treatment (also known as antiretroviral therapy or ART) are the drugs that treat HIV. Many people living with HIV are taking treatment and staying healthy as a result. Current treatment for HIV is not a cure for HIV, but it can keep HIV under control very effectively.

The drugs used to treat HIV are called antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). There are several different types and they work in different ways. HIV treatment is made up of three or more antiretroviral drugs taken together. Sometimes, these drugs are combined into one pill.

There are lots of antiretroviral drugs, and they can be combined in different ways. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a combination of antiretroviral drugs for people starting HIV treatment:

Antiretriviral Drugs:

Abacavir
Didanosine
Emtricitabine
Lamivudine
Stavudine
Tenofovir
Zidovudine

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Antiviral drugs

Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections rather than bacterial ones. Most antivirals are used for specific viral infections, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Unlike most antibiotics, antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen; instead they inhibit their development.

Antiviral drugs are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and antiparasitic drugs, or antiviral drugs based on monoclonal antibodies. Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. They should be distinguished from viricides, which are not medication but deactivate or destroy virus particles, either inside or outside the body. Natural antivirals are produced by some plants such as eucalyptus.

Antiviral Drugs:

Abacavir Use for HIV
Acyclovir (Aciclovir) Use for herpes e.g. Chicken pox
Adefovir Use for chronic Hepatitis B
Amantadine Use for influenza
Amprenavir(Agenerase) Use for inhibition of HIV
Ampligen
Arbidol
Atazanavir
Atripla (fixed dose drug)
Balavir
Cidofovir
Combivir
Dolutegravir
Darunavir
Delavirdine
Didanosine
Docosanol
Edoxudine
Efavirenz
Emtricitabine
Enfuvirtide
Entecavir
Ecoliever
Famciclovir
Fixed dose combination (antiretroviral)
Fomivirsen
Fosamprenavir
Foscarnet
Fosfonet
Fusion inhibitor
Ganciclovir
Ibacitabine
Imunovir
Idoxuridine
Imiquimod
Indinavir
Inosine
Integrase inhibitor
Interferon type III
Interferon type II
Interferon type I
Interferon
Lamivudine
Lopinavir
Loviride
Maraviroc
Moroxydine
Methisazone
Nelfinavir
Nevirapine
Nexavir
Nitazoxanide
Nucleoside analogues
Norvir
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Peginterferon alfa-2a
Penciclovir
Peramivir
Pleconaril
Podophyllotoxin
Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)
Raltegravir
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Ribavirin
Rimantadine
Ritonavir
Pyramidine
Saquinavir
Sofosbuvir
Stavudine
Synergistic enhancer (antiretroviral)
Telaprevir
Tenofovir
Tenofovir disoproxil
Tipranavir
Trifluridine
Trizivir
Tromantadine
Truvada
Valaciclovir (Valtrex)
Valganciclovir
Vicriviroc
Vidarabine
Viramidine
Zalcitabine
Zanamivir (Relenza)
Zidovudine

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Antimalarial Drugs

Antimalarial drugs are used for the treatment and prevention of malaria infection. Most antimalarial drugs target the erythrocytic stage of malaria infection, which is the phase of infection that causes symptomatic illness. The extent of preerythrocytic (hepatic stage) activity for most antimalarial drugs is not well characterized.

Treatment of the acute blood stage infection is necessary for malaria caused by all malaria species. In addition, for infection due to Plasmodium ovale or Plasmodium vivax, terminal prophylaxis is required with a drug active against hypnozoites (which can remain dormant in the liver for months and, occasionally, years after the initial infection).

Antimalarial Drugs:

Quinine and related agents
Chloroquine
Amodiaquine
Pyrimethamine
Proguanil
Sulfonamides
Mefloquine
Atovaquone
Primaquine
Artemisinin and derivatives
Halofantrine
Doxycycline
Clindamycin

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Antifungal Drugs

Pharmaceutical fungicide

Used to treat, cure and prevent athlete’s foot, ringworm, candidiasis and serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others as well. These are basically prescription drugs, but a some are also available OTC.

Antifungals mode of action by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to slain fungal organism with fewer adverse effects to the host. Unlike bacteria, fungi along with humans share a common ancestor. This makes it more difficult to discover drugs that target fungi without affecting human cells. As a result, many antifungal drugs cause side-effects. Some of these side-effects can be life threatening if the drugs are not used in a proper manner.

Antifungal Drugs:

clotrimazole.
econazole.
miconazole.
terbinafine.
fluconazole.
ketoconazole.
amphotericin

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Quinolone Drugs

Quinolones act by the rapid inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis, leading to cell death. The primary targets are DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV which are involved in the maintenance of the superhelical structure of DNA. Quinolones are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antibacterials in the world and are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections in humans. Because of the wide use (and overuse) of these drugs, the number of quinolone-resistant bacterial strains has been growing steadily since the 1990s. As is the case with other antibacterial agents, the rise in quinolone resistance threatens the clinical utility of this important drug class.

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are considered broad-spectrum antibiotics. This means that they are effective against a wide range of bacteria.

However, because of their risk of serious side effects, the FDA has advised that they should only be used to treat conditions such as sinusitis, bronchitis, and uncomplicated urinary tract infections when other, less toxic antibiotics are not appropriate.

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones may also be used to treat unusual infections such as anthrax or plague. Doctors may also decide to use them for other types of infection when other alternative treatment options have failed or cannot be used.

Quinolone Drugs:

Ciprofloxacin
Delafloxacin
Gemifloxacin
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Norfloxacin
Ofloxacin
Sparfloxacin

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Oxazolidinone Drugs

Oxazolidinones are new group of antibiotics. These drugs are active against a large spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin and vancomycin resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, penicillin-resistant pneumococci and anaerobes. Oxazolidinones restricts protein synthesis by binding at the P site at the ribosomal 50S subunit. Resistance to other protein synthesis inhibitors does not affect oxazolidinone activity, however rare development of oxazolidinone resistance cases, associated with 23S rRNA alterations during treatment have been reported.

Linezolid, the first oxazolidinone available, has been successfully used for the treatment of Gram-positive infections. Pharmacokinetic properties and its good penetration and accumulation in the tissue including bone, lung, vegetations, haematoma and cerebrospinal fluid, allow its use for surgical infections.

Oxazolidinone Drugs:

Linezolid
Tedizolid

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Macrolides Drugs

The macrolides are a class of natural drugs are made up of a large macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. The lactone rings are usually 14-, 15-, or 16-membered. Macrolides belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Some macrolides have antibiotic or antifungal activity and are used as pharmaceutical drugs.

Catagories of Macrolides are:

Antibiotic macrolides
Ketolides
Fluoroketolides
Non-antibiotic macrolides
Antifungal drugs
Toxic macrolides

Macrolides Drugs:

Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Roxithromycin
Fidaxomicin
Telithromycin

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Tetracycline Drugs

Tetracyclines are a class of antibiotics with broad-spectrum activity (activity against a wide range of microorganisms including gram positive and gram negative bacteria, protozoa and chlamydiae). They were discovered in the 1940s and the first tetracyclines were obtained or derived from Streptomycesbacteria. Although still in widespread use, both in human and veterinary medicine, bacterial resistance is of major concern.

Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis in the microbial RNA by reversibly binding to the 30S ribosome and preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal acceptor site. They are primarily bacteriostatic (prevent bacteria from reproducing but don’t necessarily kill them).

Tetracycline Drugs:

Tetracycline
Chlortetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Demeclocycline
Lymecycline
Meclocycline
Methacycline
Minocycline
Rolitetracycline
Tetracycline
Chlortetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline

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Aminoglycoside Drugs

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used to treat serious infections caused by bacteria that either multiply very quickly or are difficult to treat.

Aminoglycosides are called bactericidal antibiotics because they kill bacteria directly. They accomplish this by stopping bacteria from producing proteins needed for their survival.

Because aminoglycosides are normally used to treat serious infections, they are typically administered into the veins of the body.

However, some aminoglycosides can be taken orally, or as ear or eye drops.

Aminoglycosides Drugs:

Gentamicin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Gentak and Genoptic (eye drops)
Kanamycin
Streptomycin
Neo-Fradin (oral)
Neomycin

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Cephalosporin Drugs

Cephalosporins are anti bacterial drugs. Cephalosporins inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting growth of cell wall. They are divided into five generations depending upon on when the drugs are developed. In short, each generation of drug is effective against certain types of bacteria.

First-generation cephalosporins work primarily against infections which are easy to treat, while later-generation cephalosporins were used to treat more severe bacterial infections. Cephalosporins have molecular similarity with penicillins, so they might lead to an allergic reaction in some people who are allergic to penicillins.

Depending on penicillin allergy, you may still be able to take cephalosporins, but not first- or second-generation drugs.

Cephalosporin Drugs:

Cefazolin
Cefaclor
Cefdinir
Cefuroxime Axetil
Cefpodoxime Proxetil
Cefadroxil
Cephalexin
Cefepime
Ceftriaxone
Cefixime
Ceftaroline fosamil

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Carbapenem Drugs

Carbapenems are a class of highly effective antibiotic drugs generally used for treatment of severe and high risk bacterial infections. These antibiotics are generally reserved for known or suspected multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Carbapenems are members of the beta lactam class of antibiotics which kills bacteria by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thus inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Carbapenems are typically not affected by evolving antibiotic resistance, even to other beta-lactams.

Concern has arisen in recent years over increasing rates of resistance to carbapenems, as there are few therapeutic options for treating infections caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria.

Carbapenem Drugs

Doribax
Doripenem
Ertapenem
Imipenem /Cilastatin
Invanz
Meropenem
Meropenem / Vaborbactam
Merrem IV
Primaxin
Vabomere

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Penicillin Drugs

Penicillin is a group of antibiotics which are used to treat different types of gram positive and gram negative bacterial infections. Beta lactam ring is located in their structure due to this reason these drugs are also called as beta lactam antibiotics. This beta lactam ring is sensitive against some bacteria and can be hydrolyzed by beta lactamases.

Penicillins are anti bacterial antibiotics, they kills the microorganisms when they are used at therapeutic dose. Penicillins acts by preventing the cross linking of amino acid chains in the bacterial cell wall. This does not affect pre-existing bacteria, but newly produced bacterial cells have weak cell walls which can be easily broken.

Penicillin Drugs:

Meticillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Flucloxacillin
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Mezlocillin
Piperacillin
Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam
Pivampicillin
Hetacillin
Bacampicillin
Metampicillin
Talampicillin
Epicillin
Carbenicillin
Ticarcillin
Temocillin

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Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs

More than twenty drugs have been developed for the cure of TB. Most of them developed few years ago.

The drugs are used in different formulations in different types and stages. Some TB drugs used only for the treatment of new patients who are unlikely to have resistance to any of the TB drugs. Others are only used for the treatment of drug resistant TB. There are few drugs under trials for TB drugs, but they are still undergoing testing.

Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs

Isoniazid (INH)
Rifampin (RIF)
Ethambutol (EMB)
Pyrazinamide (PZA)

These drugs are used in formulations.

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS